Hill-Burton Act Essay Example

Hill Hill-Burton Act Paper Hill-Burton Act Paper Hill-Burton Act of 1946 Hill-Burton Act of 1946 Holly M. Yager Health Care Delivery Systems November 9, 2011 Hill-Burton Act of 1946 The Hill-Burton Act of 1946 is actually called The Hill-Burton Construction Act and was signed as Public Law 79-725. The critical shortage of medical facilities at the close of World War II prompted the passage of the National Hospital Survey and Construction Act. It is called Hill-Burton after its congressional sponsors, Senator Lister Hill and Senator Harold Burton. It was designed to provide federal grants to modernize hospitals that had become obsolete due to lack of capital investment throughout the Great Depression and World War II (1929-1945). It became a major influence in the expansion of the hospital industry. This act increased the number and size of facilities substantially. The act stimulated the growth of the health care industry by providing federal aid to the states for hospital and health care updating and construction. The federal support of hospitals in construction was very important to the location in the underserved rural areas. In 1946, an amendment to the U. S. Public Health Act authorizing grants to states for surveying their hospital and public health care needs and for planning and constructing additional facilities. Subsequent amendments authorized federal funding for as much as two-thirds of the cost of construction projects and allowed legislation to include diagnostic and treatment centers, long-term treatment centers, and nursing homes. It also aided in the modernization of existing hospitals. Over 4,600 projects to expand existing hospitals or construct new ones were initiated within twenty years after the signing of the Hill-Burton Act. Since 1946, with the construction of new hospitals and the updating of existing facilities, the Public Health Service has provided national leadership in hospital planning, research, and operation. Hill-Burton Act In 1873, there were 178 hospitals in the United States. In 1909, the numbers increased to 4,300. At the close of World War II in 1946, there were 6,000 American hospitals, adequating to 3. beds for every 1,000 persons. In that year, with the signing of the Hill-Burton Act, the goal set to achieve was 4. 5 beds per 1,000 persons. Shortly thereafter, a high was reached of 7,200 acute-care hospitals. There have been $4. 6 billion in total grants and $1. 5 billion in total loans given between 1946 and 1997. There are approximately 6,800 health care facilities in more than 4,000 U. S. communities according to the hrsa. gov website. H ill-Burton hospitals were required to provide uncompensated services for twenty years after receiving funding. In 1975, Congress passed an amendment to the Hill-Burton Act, Title XVI of the Public Health Service Act. Facilities that are assisted under Title XVI are required to provide uncompensated services for an indefinite time. Title XVI also transferred the enforcement responsibilities from the states to the federal government and required more stringent investigation, monitoring and compliance standards. In 1979, regulations established compliance levels, eligibility, record maintenance, and reporting requirements.

Super Quick Easter Activities and Ideas

Super Quick Easter Activities and Ideas Easter is one of the most celebrated holidays in the world. Besides the traditional Easter egg hunt, there are a variety of ways teachers can celebrate with their students, they can sing a song, create a poem, make a craft, provide a worksheet activity, play a game, or even have an Easter party. All of these Easter activities for primary school are a great way to get your students involved in the holiday. Use these ideas in your classroom when youre short on time, or in need of a little inspiration. Quick Easter Resources When creating your Easter-themed unit its important to provide a variety of lessons. The best way to start an Easter-theme is to get prior knowledge of what the students know about Easter. Use a graphic organizer, such as a KWL chart to get this information. Once you gather this, you can begin crafting and creating your Easter unit. Easter Vocabulary Word ListEaster Acrostic Poem Lesson PlanEaster Journal Writing Prompts and Topics Easter Poems and Songs Poetry and Music is a wonderful way to explore feelings and emotions, and it provides students with a way to be creative and express themselves while celebrating the holiday. Provide students with a variety of poems and songs about Easter, then have them try to create some on their own. Easter Ready-to-Print Activities Activities dont always have to be well thought-out or planned in advance for students to learn important concepts. Here is an inexpensive way to provide some Easter fun for your class. Just simply print out any of these activities right from your computer. Easter Crafts Providing an Easter craft is a great way to get your students to express their creative side. Give students a variety of supplies to choose from when creating their craft. This will help promote self-expression and allow them to really use their creative thinking skills. With a little imagination and creativity, these Easter craft ideas can make a wonderful gift or a delightful holiday keepsake. Easter Games Easter games are a great way to get your students in the holiday spirit. They get the students up and moving while reinforcing the Easter concept. A fun idea to try is to give your students a variety of Easter-themed items and have them make up their own game. Youll be surprised by how clever they are. Easter Puzzles To help make learning about Easter fun, provide a few enjoyable puzzles. Puzzles are a great way to challenge the mind while reinforcing the Easter-theme. Challenge your students to create an Easter puzzle of their own. Provide a variety of examples so they can get ideas, then allow them to try to create one themselves. Easter Recipes These recipes are perfect to use for an Easter party or just for an everyday snack throughout the Easter season. More Easter Fun Throwing an Easter party in your classroom? Need help choosing the perfect Easter book to read to your students? These resources will give you great ideas to plan and execute the perfect Easter party.

What are the Main Criticisms of Realist Literature review

What are the Main Criticisms of Realist - Literature review Example International relations refer to the political, and sometimes economic, relations between states. Realism is an approach to the management of international relations whereby decision-makers adopt a practical rather than a moral view of issues. Essentially, realism proscribes that we see 'the world as it really is rather than how we would like it to be' (Baylis and Smith, 1997:3). Realists have a somewhat Hobbesian view of humankind and states, actors are believed to be self-interested and, in order to maintain the balance of power, often must be forced into compliance by war, which is seen as a necessary byproduct of competition. Although realism is a dominant ideology in many Western countries including the United States, it is been subject to numerous criticisms, as they are the primary focus of this essay it is to these criticisms that we now turn. Implicit within realism is a set of fundamental principles, these principles form the basis of realist ideas, yet, also generate heavy criticism. Realists reject notions of long-term cooperation with or allegiance to competing states (Baylis and Smith, 1997:141-146).   The 'everything but arms' initiative developed in the region ensures that the worlds poorest countries are permitted to export all their goods (other than arms) into Europe free of charge (Stiglitz, 2004:246). If it were as realists suggest, all nations are self-interested utility maximizers then this type of cooperation would be highly unlikely. It would probably make more economic sense for the European Union to export to these poorer nations but to leave their own markets closed to foreign materials or to command a fee for allowing access which would normally be the case. Programs like this one are genuine attempts by the international community to find a viable solution to the problems of the third world, insinuating that not all states act in self-interest and all are capable of cooperation. Further, cooperation and long-term alliances are possible. It also suggests that as constructivists have argued, it is the state itself that defines 'anarchy' and it is by no means a fixed e lement of states, rather a socially constructed ideal that only survives in states that operate under realist auspices (Bayliss and Smith, 1997:141-161).   

HR Competencies Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

HR Competencies - Assignment Example Secondly, the competence of data interpretation skills helps to take the assessment process to a step further as it ensures that the HR professional makes decisions based on the assessment outcomes (Becker, Huselid & Ulrich, 2001). Based on the discussion above, there are several values that the competencies can be said to bring to the organization. Most importantly, the competences help in making the idea of strategic partnership feasible. Meanwhile, when the HR professional becomes a strategic partner, it can be expected that the organization’s strategy will be applied in a more efficient manner to make the achievement of the HR goals easier. Again, as part of the strategic partnership that will be created, the concepts of shared responsibility and cross-functional teams are expected to be formed. Meanwhile when these concepts are made practical in the organization, they ensure that all parties and entities within different departments of the organization are aided in the performance of their roles so that there can be a form of effectiveness that betters the value created within the organization. For future purposes, it is expected that the competence of intrinsic motivation will be developed. This c ompetence will help employees fuel their personal commitment towards organization growth in general and strategic partnership in

Data Collection Essay Example for Free

Data Collection Essay * The Rough was excluded during the calculation of the mean as the rough was a trial to indicate the general whereabouts of the end point, which is inaccurate of the exact end point. Table 2. Observations collected during the experiment. Table contains observations which were recorded during each trial of the experiment. Trials Observations Before trials * When water was added to the crystals of oxalic acid, it dissolved almost instantly with a light stirring of the beaker. Rough * When two drops phenolphthalein was added to the solution of sodium hydroxide, the solution turned pink. * After adding about 20.8dm3 of oxalic acid into the sodium hydroxide solution, while swirling the conical flask, the solution turned completely clear the oxalic acid was filled up to 21dm3 to have a rounded rough end point to work with. 1 * When two drops of phenolphthalein was added to the sodium hydroxide solution, the solution turned pink. * After adding about 20dm3 of oxalic acid solution, while swirling the conical flask gently, each drop of oxalic acid solution began to turn the pink solution slightly clear. * After about 20.6dm3 oxalic acid solution was added, the pink solution turned completely clear. 2 * Two drops of phenolphthalein was added to sodium hydroxide solution, producing a pink coloured solution. * After about 20dm3 of oxalic acid solution was added, each drop began turning the pink solution slightly clear. * After adding around 20.4dm3 of oxalic acid solution, the pink solution turned completely clear. 3 * Two drops of phenolphthalein was added to the sodium hydroxide solution, turning the solution in the conical flask pink. * After adding about 20dm3 of oxalic acid solution, each drop began turning the pink solution slightly clear. * When about 20.3dm3 of the acid was added, the pink solution turned completely clear. Data Processing 1. Write an equation for the reaction. (COOH)2 + 2NaOH 2NaCO3 + 2H2O 2. What amount (in moles) of NaOH is present in 20.0 cm3 of 0.097 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution? c = n/v c = 0.097mol dm-3 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.001 = 0.097mols à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (0.001/0.097 x 100%) = 0.097mols dm-3 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.03% v = 20.0cm3 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.04 = (20.0/1000) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (0.04/20.0 x 100%) = 0.020dm3 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.2% n = ? n = c x v n = 0.097 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.03% x 0.020 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.2% n = 0.00194 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (1.03 + 0.2)% ? n = 0.00194 mols à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.23% 3. What amount of oxalic acid was present in the average volume required to react exactly with the sodium hydroxide solution? Using the molar ratio of 1:2 for acid : base respectively: 0.00194 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.23% / 2 = 0.00097 mols ? amount of oxalic acid present = 0.00097 mols à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.23% 4. What amount of oxalic acid was present in your 250 cm3 volumetric flask? Concentration of acid in 250mL is the same as the concentration of acid in 1L. Therefore the concentration of acid in 1 dm-3 of acid solution is the same as concentration of acid in 250mL: c = n/v c = 0.0119à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2.03% / 0.25 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½(0.15/250 x 100%) c = 0.0476 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (2.03+0.06)% ? c = 0.05 mols dm-3 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2.09% (concentration of acid) c = n/v 0.05à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2.09% = n / 0.25 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.06% 0.05à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2.09% x 0.25à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.06% = n ? n = 0.0125 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (2.09 + 0.06)% ? moles of oxalic acid in 250mL solution = 0.0125 mols à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2.15% 5. What is the mass of one mole of oxalic acid? n = m/MM MM = m/n MM = 1.5g à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.02 / 0.0125mols à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2.15% MM = 1.5 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½(0.02/1.5 x100%) / 0.0125à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2.15% MM = 120 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½(1.33+2.15)% MM = 120 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3.48% m = n x MM m = 1 x 120à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3.48% ? mass of one mole of oxalic acid = 120g à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3.48% 6. How many molecules of water of crystallisation are present in one mole? MM of (COOH)2 = 2(12.01 + 32 + 1) = 90.04 MM of H2O = (2.02 + 16) = 18.02 (COOH)2.xH2O = 120g à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3.48% ? 90.04 + 18.02x = 120g à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3.48% ? 18.02x = 120g à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3.48% 90.04 ? 18.02x = 29.96à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3.48% (/18.02) ? x = 1.6626à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3.48% ? Molecules of water of crystallisation = 1.66à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.06 Conclusion and Evaluation Discussion 1. Estimate the degree of uncertainty in your readings using the balance, the volumetric flask, the pipette and the burette. How accurately can you quote your answer? Balance = à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.02g Volumetric flask = à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.15mL Pipette = à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.04cm3 Burette = à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.15cm3 The equipments used were relatively accurate as the uncertainties compared to the collected values are small. 2. Compare your answer with the correct answer and work out the percentage error. Percentage error = [(experimental value actual value) / actual value] x 100% = [(1.6626 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3.48% 2) / 2] x 100% = 16.87% à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.74% 3. Suggest any other reasons for possible error. Other reasons for possible error include the uncertainty of equipments, human errors and mistakes, possibility of contaminated solutions, air bubbles and transference of solution between equipments. This experiment was conducted to find the ratio of water in hydrate oxalic acid crystals. This included calculations of the theoretical and experimental values for the ratio of water in the hydrate oxalic acid crystals and the percentage errors of values compared. The equation for the reaction between the sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH) and the oxalic acid solution ((COOH)2) was worked out, with the product being a salt (NaCO3) and water (H2O). As the oxalic acid solution is a dibasic acid solution, the reaction ratio with sodium hydroxide is 1:2. The amount of NaOH, in moles, was also calculated by multiplying the concentration of the sodium hydroxide solution and the volume of sodium hydroxide solution used. The equation c = n/v was used to calculate this. The result was 0.00194 moles of NaOH in the sodium hydroxide solution with an uncertainty of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.23%. The amount of oxalic acid presented in the average volume required to react exactly with the sodium hydroxide solution was also calculated; by dividing the moles of NaOH (0.00194à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.23%) by 2, based on the 1:2 reaction ratio stated before. The result was 0.00097 moles with an uncertainty of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.23%. The amount of oxalic acid present in 250cm3 was also calculated. The concentration of acid in 250mL is the same as the concentration of acid in 1L, therefore, the concentration of acid in 1dm-3 of the oxalic acid solution is the same concentration as the acid in 250mL. With this understood, the equation c = n/v was used once again. The concentration was first calculated by dividing the moles of NaOH by 0.25dm3. The result (0.05mols dm-3 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2.09), was used in further calculations to determine the moles of oxalic acid by multiplying the previous calculated concentration (0.05mols dm-3 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2.09) with 0.25dm3, resulting in the moles of oxalic acid in the 250mL solution as 0.0125mols à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2.15%. This value was used in the calculation of the mass of one mole of oxalic acid. The equation n = m/MM was used in this calculation. The MM (molar mass) was first calculated, dividing the mass of oxalic acid crystals by the moles of oxalic acid (1.5 / 0.0125). The mass (m = n x MM) was calculated with the result of this (1 x 120à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3.48%), resulting in the mass of one mole of oxalic acid being 120à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3.48%. Finally, the molecules of water of crystallisation presented in one mole were calculated. This was done by using the mass of one mole of oxalic acid (120à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3.48%), subtracting the MM of (COOH)2 (90.04) from it and dividing the result by MM of H2O (18.02). The final result of the number of molecules of water in crystallisation equalled 1.66 with an uncertainty of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3.48% or 0.06. With this final result, the percentage error was calculated, being 16.87%à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.74%. All the uncertainties within the values used were calculated into percentage through dividing the uncertainty by the value and multiplying it by 100%. The uncertainties were converted into percentages before doing calculations were done. There were several limitations found during this experiment which would have been the cause of an inaccurate final result the variation between the theoretical value of 2 and the experimental value of 1.66à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.06. These limitations include the uncertainties of the equipment, human errors and mistakes, possibility of contaminated solutions, air bubbles found in solutions and the transference of solution between equipments. The significance of these errors and the improvements are listed in the table below. Limitations Significance Improvements Uncertainty of equipments Uncertainties were obtained during the experiment through the use of equipments. The inaccurate recording of data would have affected the results in the end. Eg. The readings on the electronic scale werent fully stable and consistent at one value, it varied increasing and decreasing slightly. In the case of the electronic scale, it was suggested that the variation in weight value was due to the air-conditioning blowing down on it. The air-conditioner could be turned off to reduce the uncertainties and variations. Students could also prevent themselves from breathing heavily down onto the scale while measuring, this could have contributed to the variation as well. Human errors and mistakes Mistakes could affect the outcome and accuracy of results. Eg. While adding water into the volumetric flask to dissolve the oxalic acid crystals, a student accidentally added a little too much, over the 250cm3 that was intended. This would have over diluted the oxalic acid. This could have been avoided through patience while adding the water into the volumetric flask. This could also have been done slowly and carefully, probably using a pipette towards the end at the 250cm3 mark. Reading the measurement of the pipette, burette and volumetric flask could have been inaccurate, causing results to be inaccurate and in turn affecting the calculations. Inaccuracy could have been due to improper way of reading the measurement. Students should have bent down slightly with the measurement at eye level. Student`s heads should not be tilted but level with the equipment as well. The measurement should also be read at the parallax, not above or below it. Possibility of contaminated solutions The experiment was conducted with the use of several different solutions. These solutions could have accidentally been mixed in with each other, causing the solution to be contaminated. The results obtained due to this could have been inaccurate, affecting the final results. Being careful with the solutions used would help avoid this. Using clean equipments for each different solution, making sure the solutions that are not meant to be placed together do not get mixed with each other. After the use of some of the equipments, they were to be washed and reused for another solution. The equipments were not dried before being used again; this could have diluted the solution and contaminated it. Drying the equipment each time after it is washed/cleaned would prevent access water and dilution of solutions. Air bubbles When transferring the dissolved oxalic acid into the burette, there were some tiny air bubbles. This would have because the measurement to be inaccurate as the air bubbles would have caused the reading of the solution to be greater than it actually is. Over time when the bubbles removed itself from the solution which would have caused a decrease in solution. The inaccurate measurement reading would have affected the final results of the experiment. The burette could have been left alone for awhile to allow the bubbles to float to the top. Whatever the amount the bubbles made up for, fill the burette up again with the use of a pipette. Transference of solution between equipments When transferring solutions between two or more differing equipments would have caused an increase of decrease in measurement. An inaccurate amount of solution would have affected the results or recorded data. When using a funnel during the transference of solution into the burette, it caused some increase in the desired amount. This is due to the tip of the funnel having some drops of solution left in it and when the funnel was removed, the movement could have caused those drops to drop into the burette, causing an increase in amount of solution. This could be prevented by either slowly removing the funnel or using the funnel up to a certain mark, remove it and fill up to the desired amount with the use of a small pipette drop by drop. When using the 20mL pipette to transfer the sodium hydroxide into the conical flask, the tip of the nozzle had a drop that was tempted to drop out of the pipette. Avoid touching the sides and move the pipette over the flask slowly would reduce the chances of it dripping out and altering the volume of solution. A small amount of the solution was also stuck at the tip of the nozzle after being emptied. By touching the tip to the side of the flask would help that tiny bit of solution flow out. If possible have the nozzle flat on the side of the flask, this would allow it to flow out smoothly. To avoid or reduce these significant errors, these solutions and improvements should be taken into consideration during future repetition of this experiment. The experiment overall was invalid. Though the values in data collection may have been to a 0.10cm3 difference, the final calculation of the percentage error, 16.87%à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.74%, was much greater than the desired 1% causing the experiment to be invalid.

Book report lord of the rings :: essays research papers

Vol. III - THE RETURN OF THE KINGS: Everyone except Frodo and Sam arrives at the kingdom of Gondor, and though the people of Gondor are amazed and frightened at first by the huge army of walking trees that accompany them, everyone smiles and accepts them when Gandalf and Aragorn reveal themselves. The brothers Denethor and Boromir, however, see that Aragorn brings knowledge from the North which will give their kingship over to Faramir, the true King, and so they secretly conspire against him. And so later on, when the forces of Mordor arrive to attack Gondor, they successfully plot to have Aragorn positioned so he must face the Witch-King in single combat. The battle is too much for Aragorn, and just as he is about to die he is saved by Eowyn, a woman of Rohan who loves him, and Merry, who slays the Witch-king in single combat by using ancient hobbit-magic and so reveals himself to be the lost Thain of the Shire. Even as the forces of Mordor retreat, they are swept into the Sea by great ships brought by Faramir, the tr ue Prince of Dol Amroth, from the hidden city of Osgiliath further up the Great River. Meanwhile Sam chases the tarantula back to the lair of Ungoliant, the Queen of Spiders, and after a tense argument about the nature of good and evil she finally reveals to Sam the cure for the spider's-venom which holds Frodo in thrall. Sam thanks Ungoliant for her mercy and wisdom and revives Frodo, and they set off into Mordor to find Gollum. "Oft help will come from the weak when the Wise are foolish," Gandalf once said, and sure enough all the spiders of Mordor are willing to help Frodo and Sam in their quest. Their course leads them to Mount Doom, where just as they arrive they find Gollum claiming the Ring for himself. The Dark Lord Sauron then becomes aware of them, and leaves the Dark Tower to come forth and destroy them; but just them Frodo and Sam rush Gollum and force him backwards into the Cracks of Doom. The Ring is destroyed, and without it Sauron is destroyed by the sunlight. Frodo and Sam leave the Mountain just in time to see the great armies of Aragorn and Faramir coming across the plains of Mordor to greet them. Boromir and Denethor are driven away from Gondor forever, but mercifully spared by King Faramir, and Aragorn is revealed to be the long-lost King of Arnor, the North-Kingdom of old.

Mustafa Kemal Ataturk: Motivations, Ideas, and Impact Essay

The most attractive feature of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk’s life, one admired both in Turkey and internationally, is how he embraced modern philosophical ideals and applied them to his own country despite tremendous resistance. The life of Ataturk, in a very real way, is symbolic of the ever-present conflicts that exist between traditional values and modern evolutionary approaches to social and political forms of organization. Although he is commonly referred to both popularly and in the academic literature as the Father of Modern Turkey, it is fair to extend this characterization by designating Ataturk as one of the founding fathers of all modernizing societies facing barriers imposed by those preferring more traditional forms of political and socioeconomic organization. His actions as the first president of the modern Turkish republic, to be sure, have been emulated by other leaders around the world seeking to create modern nation-states in order to compete with the technologically-superior countries commonly referred to as the West. Any understanding of Ataturk’s impact on Turkey, and within the context of international modernization struggles and conflicts in subsequent times, demands an understanding of his fundamental beliefs regarding modernization in Turkey, how he implemented these ideas in practice, and how he thereby came to symbolize the evolutionary pattern of societies and political systems in historically traditional societies. As an initial matter, in order to understand how Ataturk developed his political philosophy, it is necessary to understand that his thought was influenced by many sources. Specifically, he was battling against the traditional political theories of the crumbling Ottoman Empire while simultaneously struggling intellectually to determine how to create a new Turkish Republic using certain political approaches favored by the West. He spent a great deal of time in France and was deeply influenced, for example, by the French Jacobins and their belief in the development of a more secular state that was independent of the Catholic church; indeed, one scholar notes that Ataturk and the Young Turk group of which he was a part â€Å"concluded that, just as the Catholic Church was said by French liberals to pose a threat to the French Third Republic, so Islam presented a threat to modern Turkey† (Candar 88). The development of a secular state was thus the most important foundational element of Ataturk’s political philosophy. This would not be easy, however, because Islam was the dominant religious influence and it was a widely held conviction. More, as the Ottoman Empire was crumbling, many foreign countries invaded and Ataturk was compelled to unify and defend what would become modern Turkey against imperial invaders. He was therefore required to fight both an internal battle designed to create a unified modern nation-state while also fighting external enemies determined to make claim to lands the Ottoman Empire could no longer protect. Ataturk succeeded in both respects. The remarkable feat about unifying the people who would become and remain the modern Turkish republic is that â€Å"there was no such thing as a Turkish ethnicity. Turkish was, if anything, a language group. The Turkish-speaking warrior hordes that poured out of Central Asia beginning a thousand years ago were of mixed blood† (Fromkin 14). He thus created a national identity from an extraordinarily diverse group of tribes and people. This national identity, moreover, evolved in sharp contrast to the dominant Islamic identity which preceded Ataturk’s reign. On assuming power as Turkey’s first president, for instance, he made the decision to delegitimize the religious role of the sultan and to completely redesign the Turkish nation-state. His rationale for this substantial departure from the past was that â€Å"After assessing the failures of the empire, Ataturk believed that the decline could be attributed, in part, to the inability to compete with the West† (Vertigans 42). Borrowing from the West, he worked tirelessly to establish a modern bureaucratic system, to remove Islam from the political system, and to prepare Turkey to compete and develop with the stronger western powers using the same basic administrative and political institutions. While much of the modern Middle East struggles with radical Islam, and some countries have political systems dominated or deeply influenced by Islam, modern Turkey remains comparatively moderate in terms of the role that Islam plays in political life. This fact can be traced directly to Ataturk and is considered one of the most enduring aspects of his leadership. Indeed, â€Å"Instead of being neutral on the question of the religious practices and beliefs of its citizenry, the Kemalist state seeks to remove all manifestations of religion from the public sphere and put them under the strict control of the state† (Yavuz 60). Modern Turkey, in sum, is an advanced Islamic country, its political system controls and moderates Islam, and it is an ally of the United States and being considered for admission to many organizations comprising the European Union. All of this was accomplished despite internal opposition from traditionalists in a diverse land and from imperial aggression from abroad. In the final analysis, though Ataturk certainly used murder and oppression as political tools, he is in the bigger picture a figure to be admired because he unified a country, he created a new national identity, and he created a secular state in a region dominated by Islam. Ataturk serves as a model for transcending religious domination of political institutions and for demonstrating that national identity and national unity do not depend on an underlying ethnic purity. Modern countries struggling with the move from traditionalist systems to modernity would be well-advised to study the leadership practices and the political philosophy of Ataturk. Works Cited Candar, Cengiz. â€Å"Ataturk’s Ambiguous Legacy. † The Wilson Quarterly Autumn 2000: 88. Questia. Web. 2 June 2010. Fromkin, David. â€Å"Ataturk’s Creation. † New Criterion Apr. 2000: 14. Questia. Web. 2 June 2010. Vertigans, Stephen. Islamic Roots and Resurgence in Turkey : Understanding and Explaining the Muslim Resurgence /. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2003. Questia. Web. 2 June 2010. Yavuz, M. Hakan. â€Å"The Case of Turkey. † Daedalus 132. 3 (2003): 59+. Questia. Web. 2 June 2010.

Sales of Goods Act 1979

Under the Sales of Goods Act 1979 a company has to follow rules and regulations by law; this gives customers certain legal rights such as the right to return an item that may be faulty, if they want a refund or if they want to exchange the item for something else.All customers are entitled to goods that are:As described. Of satisfactory quality. Fit for the purpose.Companies have to abide by the rules and regulations of this law; for example if Tesco were to sell a product that was not of satisfactory quality and not as described this would affect their company as they may face a penalty and/or loose customers.The Consumer Protection from Unfair Trading Regulations 2008Some companies use misleading methods of advertisement and sales tactics to increase their sales of their products and/or services; therefore the law and rules for consumer protection from unfair trading regulations were implemented to stop companies from using misleading/unethical ways of advertisement. The law protec ts consumers from unfair trading practices, such as:Pressure selling. Misleading product offers. False limited offer notices. Aggressive sales tacticsThis law affects companies as they cannot use misleading ways of advertisement; for example if Tesco used unethical ways of advertising to mislead customers into buying a product of theirs it would be illegal with consequences such as penalties or getting a bad name for their company.Consumer Credit Acts 1974 and 2006The Consumer Credit Acts 1974 and 2006 gives consumers protection when purchasing goods and/or services on credit. If there is an error in the agreement during such purchases consumers will be able to seek legal help. Error during the sale of good and/or services can be prevented; the sales person by law must provide all the important information relating to the sale in order to prevent errors or the company can lose their license through the Office of Fair Trading.This law affects companies such as Tesco as they have to d isclose all important information relating to the sale of goods and/or services they offer and cannot leave out anything during the sale of the goods and/or services – failure to do so may result in them loosing their license through the Office of Fair Trading.Consumer Protection (Distance Selling) RegulationsThis act was implemented in order to protect consumers that purchase goods and/or services over the internet such as; VPN’s, file storage, merchandise and so on; when a consumer purchases such products or services it can be through the following ways:Email Fax Telephone Internet shopping Mail order.This law also protects consumers when getting into a contract with a distance company as they may not get what is expected of the company; customers were given such protection due to not being able to meet with or speak to the supplier/company face-to-face and being unable to see the goods they may be buying. This law effects companies that make long distance selling as they have to be very specific about goods and services they offer or the consumer could claim under the Consumer Protection Regulations for providing wrong or not ‘described as’ goods or services which could cost the company by having to make calls, courier charges to return and refund a customer or legal fees.For example if a company that sells their products online such as ASOS clothing were to show an image of how their product looks and when someone purchases it and it arrives but is different they will have to accept the items return by law if the customer request to return it as it was not as described – this affects ASOS as they have to pay courier charges to accept the returns and then refund the customer so it also becomes time consuming.Data Protection Act 1998The Data Protection Act 1998 is a law designed to protect the personal information of people and also to give people the right to know about information stored about them, however some organisati ons CAN withhold information and doesn’t have to disclose their reason if it is about :The prevention, detection or investigation of a crime. National security or the armed forces. The assessment or collection of tax. Judicial or ministerial appointments.The act controls how personal information about people is used by the government, organisations and businesses. The law does not just apply to government, organisations and businesses; everyone is who is responsible for the collection of personal data has to make sure it is: Used fairly and lawfully.Used for limited, specifically stated purposes. Used in a way that is adequate, relevant and not excessive. Kept for no longer than is absolutely necessary. Handled according to people’s data protection rights. Kept safe and secure. Not transferred outside the UK without adequate protection. However more protection must be used on information such as: The ethnic background of an individual. The religious beliefs of an indiv idual. The health of an individual. The criminal records of an individual.This would affect a company such as Tesco as they cannot just share information about their customers without their permission, which they would need to first obtain so this could become time consuming and cost the Tesco to contact each one of their customers to seek permission to share their information with their partners possibly.Voluntary constraintsCode of Advertising Practice and Advertising Standards Authority; Pressure groups and consumerism; Acceptable languageCode of Advertising Practice and Advertising Standards AuthorityThe ASA is the United Kingdom’s regulator across all advertisement throughout the United Kingdom, however they are a non-statutory organisation and they cannot enforce law on advertisements but their code of advertising practice usually is in line with legislation. The main objective of the ASA is to  make sure all advertisements are legal, decent (not explicit) and truthfu l by implementing their code of advertising practice for companies that make adverts to display their products and services – eg a company cannot make a broadband advert saying you will get this speed when you actually won’t as that would be misleading to consumers.This affects companies such as BT broadband in multiple ways as they cannot just make adverts where they say this is what you’re going to get without being able to back up their advert with evidence or inform consumers that for example speeds may differ depending on areas when advertising broadband.For example if a company such as BT broadband were to make an misleading advertisement about their broadband and it was misleading as it didn’t match their description provided, they would loose customers and also get a bad reputation with people and the ASA.Pressure groups and consumerismPressure groups are known as an ‘interest groups’ or lobby and are an organised group of like-minded individuals that seek to influence government legislation and public policy regarding concerns and priorities they may have; this could be :To promote an interest. To voice consumer concerns. To push for broad policies – e.g. environmental protection.This can affect companies, public policy and government as pressure groups are able to put immense pressure on them if they aren’t happy with their policies, legislations or for a company the way they operate or even treat their customers/staff and so on. Therefore, companies and governments could come under immense pressure to make changes if a pressure group believes there should be changes.For example when Tesco mislead customers into buying horse meat which they  told their customers was chicken, it lead to pressure groups telling people to shop somewhere else instead – this would affect Tesco as they would be loosing customers.Acceptable languageIn companies all staff should use appropriate language no matte r what their audience may be, this could be when making a commercial for T.V, speaking to customers or colleagues; appropriate language could be byAvoiding slang when speaking. Avoiding biased or derogatory comments – e.g. jokes or comments that perpetuate negative stereotypes as this could be found offensive. Being polite – being polite in business is very important as it can build up better relationships between co-workers, colleagues and customers which will be good for business.Failure to use appropriate language in advertisements or by colleagues may reflect against the company giving it a bad image/name and also could create a loss of customers or even the possibility of fines if they offend anyone.For example if Tesco made a T.V commercial that had foul language it would affect their business as it would be unprofessional of them and lead to them getting a bad name for their business; it could also cause them to loose customers as some may find a advert with fou l language offensive.

ATOC 1060 Essay Example

ATOC 1060 Essay Example ATOC 1060 Paper ATOC 1060 Paper The term albedo refers to the absorption of radiation False Without an atmosphere, the earths temperature would be a frigid -100 degrees Celsius False Over the past 400,000 years, CO2 abundances in Earths atmosphere have varied in correlation with Earths temperature True Molecules are called greenhouse gases if they Absorb infrared radiation, but are transparent to visible light. Global warming and anthropogenic climate change are terms that refer to the same environmental issue, specifically the alteration of Earths surface temperature and climate due to release of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere by human activities. T or F? True Greenhouse gases are important because they absorb visible radiation in the earths atmosphere False CO2 is the primary greenhouse gas in the earths atmosphere False As the temperature of a blackbody object increases, radiation from that object shifts to shorter wavelengths and becomes more intense Climate scientists believe that due to human activities earth is changing faster now than it has in the past. True The most abundant gas in the earths atmosphere is Nitrogen The ozone hole is a good example of a change in Earths atmosphere that is due mainly to natural causes. True The energy flux emitted by a blackbody object goes as The temperature raised to the fourth power Based on the inverse square law an object that is twice as far from the sun as the earth recieves______ as much solar flux that the earth. 1/4 The suns emission consists of primarily of infrared light, with some ultraviolet Latent heat refers to energy gained or lost when a substance such as water changes phases True The earths temperature has increase by about ___ over the last century .8 degrees C The region of the infrared spectrum between 8 microns and 13 microns is referred to as the window region because at these wavelengths CO2 and H2O are poor absorbers, so light can escape more readily to space There is a radiation deficit in the polar regions(that is less incoming solar radiation that outgoing thermal radiation) because ____? Heat is transfered poleward by circulations of the atmosphere and oceans The effect of clouds on earths radiation budget is easy to calculate quantitatively because all clouds reflect light to space, increasing the albedo False The increase in ice coverage at high latitudes with decreasing global temperatures is an example of positive feedback True 233k = ____ *C -40*C The magnitude of Earths greenhouse effect is about 33* Celsius Which of the following gases is not an important greenshouse gas? N2O Nitrous Oxide CC13F Freon 11 CH4 Methane Ar Argon H20 Water Vapor Ar Argon 273k = ___*C 0*C 300k =___*C 27*C 0k=___*C -273*C 373k=___*C 100*C What are the approximate minimum and maximum temperatures of Earths troposphere? Minimum 215 KMaximum 285 K 32*F=___*C 0*C 212*F=___*C 100*C 100*F=____*C 37.8*C High temperatures in the earths stratosphere at 50 km are due primarily to what? absorption of solar UV radiation by ozone 0*F=___*C -17.8*c 75*F=___*C 23.9*C Convection refers to what? the transport of heat by motions of a fluid (liquid or gas) The pressure of Earths atmosphere decreses/increases by a factor of what? decreases by a factor of 10 for every 16 km increase in altitude throughout most of the atmosphere For every 100 units of solar radiation incident on Earth, 30 units are reflected directly back to space, and 70 units are radiated to space as outgoing infrared radiation low thick clouds do what? reflect radiation back to space What is the actual value of incident radiation to the earths system? The solar constant at earth = 1370 W/m^2 mulitiplied by the projected are on the earth (R^2) High, thin clouds do what? trap infrared radiation near the surface Because water is a greenhouse gas, the increasing evaporation of water with warmer temperatures is an example of positive feedback on Earths surface temperature. True Pressure difference in the atmosphere are typically related to the distribution of surface temps? (T/F) True At norther mid-latitudes, even though the coriolis effect acts to turn a moving parcel of air to the right of the direction of motion an air parcel will always move directly from a region of high pressure to one of lower  pressure  in order to equalize the pressure. (T/F) False Surface air at the equator is warmer than surface air in the polar regions because the equator is closer to the sun than are the polar regions.   (T/F) False An abundance of _________, a greenhouse gas have been increasing in the atmosphere for many decades. Carbon dioxide C02 As ocean warms, sea ice will ____ As sea ice ____s, more _____ is absorbed in the ocean. This causes the warmer water.    Is this positive or negative feedback? melt, melts, sunlight Positive What is a blackbody object? One that can absorb and emit electromagnetic radiation at all wavelengths with equal efficiency.   Does not prefer some wavelengths over others. A blackbody radiates a total energy of? T^4 Energy balance outgoing radiation = incoming radiation absorbed by earth = outgoing infrared radiation Effective radiating temperature the temperature that an object would need to be radiating at in order to be in balance with the incoming absorbed solar radiation See Fig 3.1 Earths atmosphere today Nitrogen Oxygen Argon Water Vapor Carbon dioxide * Give % by volume Nitrogen 78%Oxygen 21%Argon .9%Water Vapor .00001%Carbon Dioxide .037% Greenhouse gases Water vaporCarbon dioxideMethaneNitrous oxideozonefreon -11freon -12 What are the most important absorbers in the atmosphere Water vapor and carbon dioxide What do low, thick clouds do with radiation? get warm radiation from the thin clouds and get trapped What do high, thin clouds do with radiation? allow radiation to go through them and warms the earth For an atmosphere that is in radiative balance (incoming = outgoing), how does temperature chance with height? Add more layers, and the surface gets even warmer because the layer above it is warmed by the layer above it etc Water vapor, a greenhouse gas, represents what kind of feedback in the Earth system? positive Other than radiation, what forms of heat transfer are important in the atmosphere? convection, latent heat, and conduction Differential heating is due to what? The curvature of the earth.  -See Fig 4.1 Where does solar energy go? (Earths budget) 45 units absorbed by surface25 units absorbed by clouds and gases 25 units reflected by clouds and gases 5 units reflected by the surface Of 133 energy units absorbed by the earths surface, how many units evaporate water and how many units produce convection? 24 units evaporate water and 5 units produce convection The earth system receives 99% of its heat in the form of _____ from the sun primarily in the visible and ______ radiation, near-IR Earths surface maintains thermal balance by convection of _____ ____ _____, air carrying heat upward, by _________ __________ and by radiating the remainder upward. warm, less denseevaporating water (latent heat) Of the 104 units of energy radiated by the suface, __ units escape to space through windows in the ________ spectrum of the atmosphere 4, infrared In the tropics there is more ______ solar radiation than _______ solar radiation. incoming, outgoing = a surplus of solar radiation In the polar regions, ___ solar radiation is received than ______ radiation is emitted. less, thermal = deficit of solar radiation The earths temperature has increased about____ over the last century .8 Degrees Celcius Based on the inverse square law, an object that is twice as far from the sun as the earth receives one-fourth as much solar flux than the earth Global warming and ______________ climate change refer to the same environmental issue. That the alteration of the earths temperature and climate is due to the release of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere by human activities. Anthropogenic An albedo of 1 means what pure reflection An albedo of 0 means what pure absorption (blackbody) Over the past 400,000 years _____ abundances in earths atmosphere have varied in correlation with the earths temperature C02 molecules are called greenhouse gases if they absorb infrared radiation, but are transparent to visible light What is the primary greenhouse gas in the earths atmoshere water vapor as the temperature of a blackbody object increases, radiation from that object shifts to shorter wavelengths and become more intense what is the most abundant gas in the earths atmosphere nitrogen The energy flux emitted by a blackbody object goes as The temperature raised to the fourth power Of the 100 units of solar radiation that are incoming at the top of earths atmosphere, ____ units are absorbed by earths surface, ______ units are absorbed by the atmosphere, ____ are reflected by the atmosphere back to space, and ____ are reflected by the surface. 45,25,25,5 Of the ____ units of thermal (infrared) energy radiated by earths surface, ___ units escape directly to space and ___ units are absorbed by the atmosphere 104, 4, 100 The ice coverage at high latitudes with decreasing global temperatures is an example of ______ feedback positive The increase of temperature of the earth will cause an increase in water vapor into the earths atmosphere, increasing the albedo, and then decreasing the temperature. This is an example of what kind of feedback negative The atmosphere is composed of what units that come from the heating of the atmosphere by gases and clouds (solar energy absorbed by atmosphere), units that come from the heating of the atmosphere by the greenhouse effect, and units that are from the heating of the atmosphere due to thermals and evaporation. What are the approximate min and max temperatures of earths troposphere min 215K max 285K What would the temperature of the earth be if there wasnt an atmosphere 255K The magnitude of earths greenhouse effect is about 33* celcius for every 100 units of solar radiation incident on the earth 30 units are reflected directly back to space, and 70 units are radiated to space as outgoing infrared radiation. Pressure differences in the earths atmosphere are typically related to the distribution of surface temperatures True The region of the infrared spectrum between 8 microns and 13 microns is referred to as the window region because at these wavelengths C02 and H20 are poor absorber, so light can escape more readily to space The suns emission consists of primarily of visible and infrared light, with some ultra violet There is less incoming solar radiation than outgoing thermal radion in the polar region, causing a radiation deficit because heat is transferred poleward by circulations of the atmosphere and oceans What is the actual value of 100 units of incident radiation The solar constant at earth multiplied by the projected area of earth high temperatures in the earths stratosphere at 50 km are due primarily to absorption of solar UV radiation by ozone True How many units of thermal energy come from the greenhouse effect 88 units (note larger than the units of solar radiation that the earth absorbs from the sun) Are there more units of latent heat or convection in earths budget? latent heat (evaporation) the pressure of earths atmosphere decreases by a factor of 10 for every 16 km increase in altitude reflection albedo absorption warms object Objects that are _____ absorb better than other objects black Why is it colder at the poles? Because at the equator, it is receiving direct sunlight whereas at the poles, it is receiving indirect sunlight What does Weins law tell us about BB wavelengths Max Wavelenth = 2898/T The maximum flux that a BB can reach at a certain wavelength Area beneath the curve = sigmaT^4 = total flux Magnetic spectrum and wavelengths ____________________________ UV Visible IR UV has small, high energy wavelengths IR was large, low energy wavelengths Greenhouse gases absorb IR radiation Anthropogenic Human induced changes in the atmosphere atmosphere thin envelope of gases that surround the earth hydrosphere composed of variousreservoirsof water including ice chlorofluorocarbon CFCs, Synthetic compounds containing chlorine, fluorine and carbon. Caused the ozone hole Stratosphere Absorbs UV rays and is warmer that the atmosphere below it because of it. (Ozone) negative feedback loop diminish the effects of disturbances Positive feedback loops; amplify the effects of disturbances wavelength the distance between two adjacent crests frequency the number of crests that pass a fixed point in a second. electromagnetic spectrum wavelength:(SMLG) UVVisibleIR Energy:(HL) UVVis.IR flux the amount of energy in an electromagnetic wave that passesperpendicularlythrough a unit surface area per unit time inverse square law the rate at which the solar flux decreases with increasing distance (1/r^2) Blackbody something that emits (or absorbs) electromagnetic radiation with 100%efficiencyat all wave lengths wiens law the flux of radiation emitted by a blackbody reaches itspeakwavelengthat delta max. or (2898/T) (Sun @visible wavelength, earth @ IR) Stefan-Boltzmann Law the energy flux emitted by a blackbody (T^4) 3 most abundant gases in the atmosphere Nitrogen, Oxygen, Argon 4 most abundant greenhouse gases water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, are nitrous oxide convection a process in which heat energy is transported by themotionsof a fluid (boiling water) conduction the transfer of heat energy by direct contact between molecules Latent Heat the heat energyreleasedor absorbed during thetransitionfrom one phase to another Cirrus Clouds High level clouds that trap in heat Stratus clouds low level thick clouds that reflect incoming radiation back out into space Of 100 units of incoming solar radiation approx. how many are absorbed by earths surface? 45 or about half Air moves over earths surfaces because there are ___________ differences in pressure. Air also moves __________ because it is either forced to move mechanically or because there are changes in _________. horizontally, vertically, buoyancy Warmer air has a lower/higher density than cooler air lower Air tends to move from an area of ____ pressure, to an area of _____ pressure, until the two pressures are equalized. higher, lower If an air mass is heated until its density is lower than that of its surrounds, the lower-density air will rise. This phenomenon is a form of _________ Convection If an air mass is cooled until its density is higher than that of the underlying air, it will sink. This is referred to as ________ subsidence The incoming solar energy varies with _____ and with ______ whereas the outgoing terrestrial radiation depends on the temperature of the surface an atmosphere at each location. latitude, season The maximum solar absorption is found in the ____ and the available solar energy decreases rapidly as we move toward the _____ tropics, poles The tropic air near the surface rises, creating a ___-pressure region low The merging of air masses that are moving inward toward a low-pressure region is called _____. The air masses that meet at the tropics and rise make up the _________________ convergence, Intertropical convergence zone The air that rises in the ITCZ is forced to diverge _________ poleward divergence refers to the movement of air outward from a region in the atmosphere The poleward moving air subsides at about ___ N and ____ S, replacing air that is moving equatorward at the surface 30,30 At 30* N and 30* S, the air warms as it sinks, which prevents ______ and _____ from forming. condensation, clouds

Non-standard English and the New Tribalism

Non-standard English and the New Tribalism Non-standard English and the New Tribalism Non-standard English and the New Tribalism By Maeve Maddox Dave Frohnmayer, President Emeritus of the University of Oregon, defines the New Tribalism as, the growth of a politics based upon narrow concerns, rooted in the exploitation of divisions of class, cash, gender, region, religion, ethnicity, morality and ideology, a give-no-quarter and take-no-prisoners’ activism that demands satisfaction and accepts no compromise. I believe that much of the misuse of standard English that we are witnessing is linked to the New Tribalism. Nonstandard English is a tribal marker. Consciously or unconsciously, speakers who have been taught standard grammar and word formation, but persist in saying or writing such stuff as, Me and my friends play video games. They invited my wife and I. The detour effected our plan’s. Your my best friend. I’ll definately be their. do it because they identify with a group that feels that the use of standard speech does not reflect who they are. In the first half of the 20th century, when not every child had the opportunity to progress all the way through high school, learning to speak a standard dialect in addition to one’s home dialect was not seen as an optional by-product of education. The teaching of standard grammar, pronunciation, and spelling was one of public education’s major goals. Standard English was seen as a passport to a job in a bank or an office or a high class department store. It was a goal that ambitious young people mastered before having to leave school at the age of 13 or 14. Two interviews in a documentary about life in the 1930s and 1940s illustrate the change that has taken place in U.S. educational outcomes since the early 20th century. One of the interview subjects was a white man who grew up on an isolated farm and attended a one-room school house. The other subject was a black man who grew up in a poor neighborhood in Chicago. I can’t say with certainty, but I’d guess both grew up speaking nonstandard dialects at home. In the interviews, both men spoke standard English. They spoke with regional accents and inflections, but neither man made the pronoun and verb errors that are so common these days. In the 1940s, only about 50% of the school population graduated from high school. The other half did well to complete eighth grade. Nowadays, school attendance is compulsory to the age of 16 in nineteen states, 17 in eleven states, and 18 in twenty states. Mastery of English grammar seems to have dwindled as time spent in school has increased. A lot of critics blame the modern plague of sloppy English on texting and computer use. I don’t buy that. Texting and Twitterspeak are dialects in their own right. They operate under their own sets of rules. There’s no reason an excellent texter can’t also be an excellent writer of standard English. Doctors may talk about â€Å"phalanges† at a medical conference, but they talk about â€Å"fingers† and â€Å"toes† to their patients. The toughest punk on the street corner probably doesn’t go home and address his mother as â€Å"Yo, Bitch!† Most speakers instinctively shape their language to suit their listeners and readers. When native speakers pass through eight or more years of formal instruction without mastering standard English, something psychological is going on. Certainly there are other contributing factors, but I’m convinced that a great part of the problem is a fear of tribal rejection. What standard English needs is a lobby, like the ones that exist to fight bullying and domestic abuse. It needs well-funded activists and celebrity spokesmen urging young people to say â€Å"My friends and I play video games.† It needs more employers like Kyle Wiens, iFixit CEO and founder of Dozuki. He requires all job applicants to pass a grammar test before interviewing them for a job of any kind. Says Wiens, Grammar signifies more than just a person’s ability to remember high school English. I’ve found that people who make fewer mistakes on a grammar test also make fewer mistakes when they are doing something completely unrelated to writing - like stocking shelves or labeling parts. Now, as in the 1940s, the ability to speak and write a standard form of English is the ticket to a better life. Even if tribal identity requires speaking a distinctive dialect within the group, the ability to speak and write a standard form of English can be a great social equalizer. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:36 Adjectives Describing LightDoes "Mr" Take a Period?How to Send Tactful Emails from a Technical Support Desk

Environment of Corporate Culture Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Environment of Corporate Culture - Research Paper Example External factors especially the economic depression being experienced has affected the store more than the internal factors. This is because most internal factors problems are and can be fixed by change or enforcement of the organization’s policies while the external factors are mostly out of control by the organization and may cost a lot to change strategies in order to deal with those factors or to avoid them like discounts to encourage customers to buy in bulk (Rexhausen, Pibernik and Kaiser, 2012). Value portrays the true picture of an organization including the expected results and standards the organization holds in the eyes of others. Performance in an organization can be improved through various ways. A combination of the two (value and performance) ensures that the employees and management in that organization are aware of what is expected of them by the customers and by their competitors (Jung, Su, Baeza and Hong, 2008). Their organizational culture will therefore be based on integrity and success to satisfy the others looking up to them and also to cement a place for the organization in terms of its organizational culture. Jung, J., Su, X., Baeza, M. and Hong, S. (2008). The effect of organizational culture stemming from national culture towards quality management deployment. â€Å"The TQM Journal† vol. 20 (6), pp. 622-635. Rexhausen, D., Pibernik, R. and Kaiser, G. (May, 2012). Customer-facing supply chain practices- The impact of demand and distribution management on supply chain success. â€Å"Journal of Operations Management,† vol. 30 (4), pp.